In this article we will discuss about the traditional and modern techniques of control used in an organisation. Traditional Techniques of Controlling: I. Budgeting (or Budgetary Control System): A budget is both - a method of planning and an instrument (or device) for controlling. It is a plan in so far as the numerical expression of the standards of performance [...]
After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. Concept of Break-Even Chart 2. Uses of Break-Even Chart 3. Construction 4. Improving Profit Performance. Concept of Break-Even Chart (BEC): The concept of break-even can be very well explained and analysed by break-even charts. The chart can be used to study the changes in profit/loss at different levels of sales as [...]
In this article we will discuss about the Graicunas theory on the span of management. V.A. Graicunas a French management Consultant, made a study on superior-subordinate relationship, however, not based on empirical observations. He developed a mathematical formula to analyse this relationship. He suggested that the number of possible relationships increases with the number in the number of subordinates. Graicemas [...]