After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. Meaning of Management by Exception 2. Advantages of Management by Exception 3. Limitations 4. System. Meaning of Management by Exception: It is a system of identification and communication that signals the manager as to when and where his attention is needed. The main object of this system is to enable the [...]
After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. Meaning of Workers’ Participation 2. Characteristics of Workers' Participation 3. Objectives 4. Levels 5. Advantages. Meaning of Workers’ Participation: Workers’ participation in management is based on many considerations including political, economic, psychological and social. Political democracy and industrial democracy have to go hand in hand. For survival and growth, an organisation [...]
After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. Meaning of Morale 2. Factors Affecting Morale 3. Forms 4. Measures. Meaning of Morale: Morale is a mental condition and attitude of employees, either individually or in a group which determines their willingness to cooperate. Morale can also be defined as the extent to which an individual's needs are satisfied and [...]