After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. Meaning of Span of Management 2. Factors Affecting Span of Management 3. Graicunas Theory. Meaning of Span of Management: Depending upon the complexity of organisational activities and relationships amongst superiors and subordinates, it becomes important the superiors manage an optimum number of subordinates that result in optimum organisational output. All the [...]
Groups can be categorized as follows: I. Formal and informal groups, II. Primary and secondary groups and III. Small and large group. Type # 1. Formal and Informal Groups: Formal Groups: Formal groups are deliberately created to carry out specific tasks for attainment of organisational goals. These groups have clearly defined authority-responsibility relationships, communication channels, rules and regulations to govern [...]
This article throws light upon the eight important features of a group. 1. It consists of two or more persons who interact with each other. 2. Group members have reciprocal influence on each other. Each member influences and is influenced by others in the group. 3. In groups, people develop mutual perceptions and emotional ties with each other. They perceive [...]